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Gunnera petaloidea

Gaudich. (1830)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-CoreEudicot Order: Gunnerales Family: Gunneraceae Genus: Gunnera

‘ape, ‘ape‘ape, apeape, hāhā (Kaua‘i)

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Giant herbs 1–6 m tall.

Stems: Stems decumbent, 2–6 m long, ca. 12–15 cm in diameter.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades cordate–reniform, ca. 4–10 dm long, ca. 2–9 dm wide. Base not peltate, basal sinus v–shaped to u–shaped. Upper surfaces glabrous to very sparsely hirsute; lower surfaces brownish tomentose when young, sparsely to densely hirsute on the raised reticulate veins; dark green on upper surface; lower surfaces pale green. Margins 7–11-lobed and margins usually crenate–dentate, sometimes crenate or denticulate. Palmately veined. Petioles 2–10 dm long, pustulate and usually densely hirsute at base, more sparsely hirsute toward blade. Stipules absent but with large axillary scales often called stipules, elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1.5–10 cm long, scurfy hirsute, becoming glabrate.

Flowers: Flowers in numerous spikes arranged along an elongated central axis 2–10.5 dm long, each spike subtended by an oblong, oblong–spatulate to rarely narrowly lanceolate bract 8–35 mm long, margins lacerate and usually ciliate. Flowers bisexual (perfect) or unisexual, both staminate and pistillate flowers intermingled with bisexual (perfect) ones and scattered throughout the inflorescence. Calyx 2(3), very small, sometimes only rudimentary, equal or unequal, valvate, often cuspidate, ± caducous, deltate to ovate or ovate–elliptic, sometimes broadly lanceolate, 0.4–1.3(–2) mm long, margins lacerate and sometimes ciliate; apex lacerate. Corolla of (0)2, greenish to occasionally rose magenta, obovate, strongly concave, 0.8–2.2 mm long, glabrous to pilose, margins ciliate to lacerate, usually caducous; always absent in pistillate flowers. Stamens 1–2; filaments very short; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, urceolate to depressed–ovoid, 2-carpellate, 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous from ovary apex, anatropous; styles 2, terminal, subulate to filiform; stigmas papillate.

Fruit: Fruit drupaceous or nut-like; yellow to orange; subglobose; 3–angled; 2.5–4 mm in diameter. Seeds 1.5–1.9 mm long; somewhat compressed; 4–angled; 1 of the angles obscure; 1 inconspicuous; the other 2 prominent; embryo embedded in copious oily endosperm.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring on wet; steep slopes primarily in cloud swept wet forest.

Elevation Range: (700–)920–1,300(–1,830) m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic
Molokai Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Voy. Uranie: 512 (1830)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:790 (O, Mo, M, H [as G. petaloïdea]); Wood 2006:17 (K); IPNI 2025 (spelling change to petaloidea)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Gunnera petaloidea hawaiian bog survey 1938. hawaii, kohala mts., upper hamakua ditch trail, edge of pali at head of alakahi valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. selling & c. skottsberg 3155 Hawaii BISH 9/8/1938
2 Gunnera petaloidea Koolau State Forest Reserve. Regional elev. 4180-4250 ft. In open field below reservoirs at beginning of Waikamoi Flume. Full Sun. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 2764 Maui PTBG 3/9/1988
3 Gunnera petaloidea hawaii, summit of kohala mts PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. skottsberg 6818 Kauai BISH 4/6/1948
4 Gunnera petaloidea trail up waiakeakua-waiokeela ridge, head of wailau valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 13506 Molokai US 12/29/1936
5 Gunnera petaloidea upper hamakua ditch trail, head of alakahi fork and waipio valley, kohala mts PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 10255 Oahu F 3/9/1933
6 Gunnera petaloidea northwest summit of mount kaala, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. kraynik 28195 NSW 1/15/1963
7 Gunnera petaloidea Koolau State Forest Reserve. Regional elev. 4180-4250 ft. In open field velow reservoirs at beginning of Waikamoi Flume. Full Sun. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 2765 Maui PTBG 3/9/1988
8 Gunnera petaloidea Wainae Mts; upper Makaleha (Kamananui); Mokuleia Forest Reserve; 3rd gulch west of Dupont Trail. Regional elev. 3100-3350 ft. Metrosideros-Dicranopteris Montane Wet Forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 5599 Oahu PTBG 9/8/1996
9 Gunnera petaloidea Kauaula Valley; Back of Valley on North fork. Regional elev. 3000-3700 ft. Seeping wet basalt walls surrounding Metrosideros-Dicranopteris Montane Wet Forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 2772 Maui PTBG 9/16/1993
10 Gunnera petaloidea E. Maui, East Honomanu. Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11834 Maui PTBG 4/12/2006
11 Gunnera petaloidea Kohala Mts., Kawainui Stream , above gage, upstream from Kawainui gulch rim, upsteam .5 miles to 30 ft. waterfall, plants on both sides of stream on steep banks. Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Steve Perlman 14832 Hawaii PTBG 8/1/1995
12 Gunnera petaloidea Kohala Mts; Honokane Nui Stream below Kahena Ditch. Metrosideros-Cheirodendron Mont- ane Wet Forest; stream habitat w/ large boulders and steep saturated basalt walls. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 4833 Hawaii PTBG 11/30/1995
13 Gunnera petaloidea Blue hole; below Waialeale and Kawaikini; Headwaters of N Wailua River. Regional elev. 2000-2200 ft. Metrosideros lowland Wet Forest surrounded by verticle cliffs of Machaerina angustifolia. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 761 Kauai PTBG 5/7/1991
14 Gunnera petaloidea probably from the Makahe side, Waianae Mts., Mt. Kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E. Y. s.n. Oahu US 2/2/1930
15 Gunnera petaloidea e. maui, haiku uka, waikamoi gulch, above dam, steep side walls Thick shrubbery PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. st. john 20358 Maui US 8/4/1943
16 Gunnera petaloidea puu kaala, e face, waianae mts, waianaeuka PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 9129 Oahu US 1/8/1933
17 Gunnera petaloidea west maui, olowalu valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. n. forbes 2433 Maui US 5/21/1920
18 Gunnera petaloidea East Maui, East Honomanu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K. R.; Bily, P. 11834 Maui US 4/12/2006
19 Gunnera petaloidea Trail up Waiakeakua-Waiokeela Ridge, head of Wailau Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F. R. 13506 Molokai US 12/29/1936
20 Gunnera petaloidea Hawaiian Islands. Oahu, Waianae Mts., Mt. Kaala, on slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cowan, R. S. 321 US 11/17/1946
21 Gunnera petaloidea Waianae Range, upper NE facing slopes of Mt Kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Royen, P. van; Iltis, H. H.; Iltis, M. G.; Bryan, E. H.; Yoshinaga, A. H-427 Oahu US 8/2/1967
22 Gunnera petaloidea West Maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J. F.; Rock, H. 8215 Maui US 3/24/1905
23 Gunnera petaloidea Northwest summit of Mount Kaala, Oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kraynik, W. R. 28195 Oahu US 1/15/1963
24 Gunnera petaloidea West Maui, Olowalu Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, C. N. 2433 Maui US 5/21/2020
25 Gunnera petaloidea waianae range, upper ne facing slopes of mt kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN p. van royen, h. h. iltis, m. g. iltis, e. bryan & a. yoshinaga h-427 Oahu US 8/2/1967
26 Gunnera petaloidea kaala mountains, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. mann & w. t. brigham 626 Oahu US 8/8/1900
27 Gunnera petaloidea upper hamakua ditch trail, head of alakahi fork and waipio valley, kohala mts PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 10255 Hawaii US 9/3/1933
28 Gunnera petaloidea olinda, along pipeline from idlewood for about 7 miles in ravine PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & h. wiebke 3404 Maui US 7/16/1927
29 Gunnera petaloidea puu kukui - west maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. s. hitchcock 14823 Maui US 9/24/1916
30 Gunnera petaloidea Puu Kukui - West Maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hitchcock, A. S. 14823 Maui US 1916-00-00
31 Gunnera petaloidea Waihoi Valley, East Maui; south fork of Waiohonu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Harrison, B. 129 Maui US 7/28/1972
32 Gunnera petaloidea w maui, lahaina dist., kauaula valley, back of valley on n fork PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. r. wood, s. p. perlman & r. hobdy 2772 Maui US 9/16/1993
33 Gunnera petaloidea south fork of Waiohono, on steep stream bank, Waihoi Valley, East Maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Harrison, B. 126 Maui US 7/28/1972
34 Gunnera petaloidea Waianae Mts., Mt. Kaala, on slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cowan, R. S. 317 Oahu US 11/17/1946
35 Gunnera petaloidea Upper Hamakua Ditch Trail, head of Alakahi Fork and Waipio Valley, Kohala Mts PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F. R. 10255 Hawaii US 1933-00-00
36 Gunnera petaloidea waipio, upper hamakua ditch trail. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. st. john & e. y. hosaka 11478 Oahu US 1/1/1932
37 Gunnera petaloidea Hawaiian Islands. Oahu, Waianae Mts., Mt. Kaala, on slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cowan, R. S. 315 US 11/17/1946
38 Gunnera petaloidea East Maui, East Honomanu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood & P. Bily 11834 Maui US 4/12/2006
39 Gunnera petaloidea W Maui, Lahaina Dist., Kauaula Valley, back of valley on N fork PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K. R.; Perlman, S. P.; Hobdy, R. 2772 Maui US 9/16/1993
40 Gunnera petaloidea on cliffs below Kaala Road, near summit PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K. M. 937 Oahu US 2/19/1972
41 Gunnera petaloidea olinda, along pipeline from idlewood for about 7 miles in ravine PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & h. wiebke 2240b Maui US 6/19/1927
42 Gunnera petaloidea E. Maui, Haiku Uka, Waikamoi Gulch, above dam, steep side walls Thick shrubbery PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 20358 Maui US 8/4/1943
43 Gunnera petaloidea Summit of Mt Kaala, north east facing slopes Metrosideros wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Steve Perlman 23236 Oahu PTBG 1/16/2013
44 Gunnera petaloidea plantae hawaiienses. oahu, waianae, east side of kaala. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. fagerlind 6852 S 4/18/1948
45 Gunnera petaloidea plants of hawaii. eastern slope of kaala, oahu, i. h. at summit near spring. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener, e. ordonez & o. selling 12251 S 9/25/1938
46 Gunnera petaloidea south fork of waiohono, on steep stream bank, waihoi valley, east maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN b. harrison 126 Maui US 7/28/1972
47 Gunnera petaloidea puu kaala, e face, waianae mts, waianaeuka PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 9129 Oahu US 8/1/1933
48 Gunnera petaloidea waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. f. rock 8432 Oahu US 8/8/1900
49 Gunnera petaloidea waihoi valley, east maui; south fork of waiohonu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN b. harrison 129 Maui US 7/28/1972
50 Gunnera petaloidea hawaiian islands. oahu, waianae mts., mt. kaala, on slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN r. s. cowan 321 US 11/17/1946
51 Gunnera petaloidea Waipio, upper Hamakua ditch trail. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H.; Hosaka, E. Y. 11478 Oahu US 1/1/1932
52 Gunnera petaloidea Kaala Mountains, Oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Mann, H.; Brigham, W. T. 626 Oahu US 3/14/1905
53 Gunnera petaloidea probably from the makahe side, waianae mts., mt. kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN e. y. hosaka s.n. Oahu US 2/2/1930
54 Gunnera petaloidea Olinda, along pipeline from Idlewood for about 7 miles in ravine PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Wiebke, H. 2240b Maui US 6/19/2027
55 Gunnera petaloidea puu konahuanui, kailua. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. st. john 20335 Kauai US 5/9/1943
56 Gunnera petaloidea west maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. f. rock & f. w. humboldt 8215 Hawaii US 8/8/1910
57 Gunnera petaloidea Eastern slope of Kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Ordonez, E.; Selling, O. 12251 Oahu US 1938-00-00
58 Gunnera petaloidea Waianae Mts., Puu Kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Krauss, N. H. s.n. Oahu US 1/8/1933
59 Gunnera petaloidea Olinda, along pipeline from Idlewood for about 7 miles in ravine PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Wiebke, H. 3404 Maui US 7/16/2027
60 Gunnera petaloidea on trail near summit Puu Kaala, Waianae Range, near spring PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Yuncker, T. G. 3439 Oahu US 1/8/1933
61 Gunnera petaloidea west maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. f. rock & h. rock 8215 Maui US 8/7/1910
62 Gunnera petaloidea waianae mts., mt. kaala, on slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN r. s. cowan 317 Oahu US 11/17/1946
63 Gunnera petaloidea hawaiian islands. oahu, waianae mts., mt. kaala, on slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN r. s. cowan 315 US 11/17/1946
64 Gunnera petaloidea West Maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J. F.; Humboldt, F. W. A. 8215 Maui US 3/24/1905
65 Gunnera petaloidea Puu Kaala, E face, Waianae Mts, Waianaeuka PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F. R. 9129 Oahu US 1933-00-00
66 Gunnera petaloidea on cliffs below kaala road, near summit PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. nagata 937 Oahu US 2/19/1972
67 Gunnera petaloidea eastern slope of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener, e. ordonez & o. selling 12251 Oahu US 5/2/1938
68 Gunnera petaloidea east maui, east honomanu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. r. wood & p. bily 11834 Molokai US 4/12/2006
69 Gunnera petaloidea west maui, olowalu valley In mixed wet montane forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. n. forbes 2433 Kauai US 5/21/1920
70 Gunnera petaloidea hawaiian bog survey 1938. w. maui, headwaters of honokahua streams. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN l. m. cranwell, o. selling & c. skottsberg 2767 Oahu US 8/1/1938
71 Gunnera petaloidea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. s. hitchcock 15474 Hawaii US
72 Gunnera petaloidea on trail near summit puu kaala, waianae range, near spring PRESERVED_SPECIMEN t. g. yuncker 3439 Oahu US 1/8/1933
73 Gunnera petaloidea waianae mts., puu kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN n. krauss s.n. Oahu US 1/8/1933
74 Gunnera petaloidea Waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J. F. 8432 Kauai US 3/14/1905
75 Gunnera petaloidea W. Maui: below & west of Kauaula; below Helu. Regional elev. 4000-4200 ft. Metrosideros- Dicranopteris Montane Wet Forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 5968 Maui PTBG 1/6/1997
76 Gunnera petaloidea Kohala Mountains, Kahua Ranch, Kehena Ditch Trail On side of trail. Fairly frequent plant above and below trail. Dense, short Metrosideros rain forest with understory of Cheirodendron, etc. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Davis, J. Collector Number: 888 Hawaii BISH 5/8/1982
77 Gunnera petaloidea Area called "The Blue Hole"; headwaters of N fork of Wailua River, just N of Mt. Kawaikini and SE of Mt. Waialeale. Deep, narrow valley surrounded by vertical cliffs laced with waterfalls. Elev 600-700 m. Low undisturbed wet forest of small, stunted trees and shrubs (Metrosideros, Bobea, Perrottetia). PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 119 Kauai PTBG 8/10/1988
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